Environmental factors such as drought and high salinity are the major yield constraints for the high productivity of rice. Rice is a staple cereal food consumed by more than half of the world population and widely cultivated mostly in Asian countries. Taken together, our findings indicate that TOR, in addition to its multiple cellular functions, also plays an important role in response to abiotic stress and potentially enhances WUE and yield related attributes. Glucose-mediated transcriptional activation of AtTOR gene enhanced lateral root formation. The constitutive expression of AtTOR is also associated with significant transcriptional upregulation of putative TOR complex-1 components, OsRaptor and OsLST8. The significant upregulation of 15 stress-specific genes in high expression lines indicates their contribution to abiotic stress tolerance. These lines were also insensitive to the ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination. Δ 13C, which is inversely related to high WUE, was as low as 17‰ in two AtTOR high expression lines. The AtTOR high expression lines of rice exhibited profuse tillering, increased panicle length, increased plant height, high photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content and low ∆ 13C. In the present study, ectopic expression of TOR gene of Arabidopsis thaliana in a widely cultivated indica rice resulted in enhanced plant growth under water-limiting conditions conferring agronomically important water-use efficiency (WUE) trait. The target of Rapamycin (TOR) present in all eukaryotes is a multifunctional protein, regulating growth, development, protein translation, ribosome biogenesis, nutrient, and energy signaling.
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